One Thousand and One Conjectures

Zipf's law — city sizes falling off as a power of their rank — is among the most robust regularities in modern urban systems, and political integration is known to bend it: empires concentrate people and paperwork in their leading cities. Mesopotamia…

Joins Shannon information theory to Mesopotamian political cycles, under the slogan that strong states make boring archives. Shannon entropy measures the diversity of a distribution — here, the mix of genres (receipts, contracts, letters, school texts, literature) among a period's surviving cuneiform…

Selection bias in art-market economics says a market run on glamour is a high-pass filter: dealers keep and promote what sells and discard the dull. This conjecture turns that filter on Assyriology's sampling problem. Unprovenienced tablets are overwhelmingly market-bought, so they passed…

Heaps' law — the corpus-linguistics regularity that a collection's vocabulary grows as a sublinear power of its size — is here applied to the oldest writing system on earth. Cuneiform's inventory of distinct signs should grow with corpus size along a Heaps…

Nominal wage rigidity — the Keynesian observation that wages resist adjustment even when prices move — is here pushed back four thousand years to the ration lists of Ur III Mesopotamia. Ur III institutions paid workers standardized rations of beer and barley,…

Mesopotamian kings periodically proclaimed debt-cancellation edicts — the acts remembered in the biblical Jubilee — and cuneiform loan contracts were physical objects, clay tablets whose destruction voided the debt. Join the two and the conjecture follows: royal debt cancellations should have left…

The lender of last resort — Bagehot's celebrated principle that a central bank should lend freely when private credit dries up — is here sought in the Old Babylonian credit market, more than three millennia before the Bank of England. Babylonian lending…

This joins Mesopotamian glyptic art to the economics of security. A cylinder seal was its holder's signature, and like any signature it invited forgery; the defence was engraving complexity, since an intricate scene costs a forger far more to copy than a…

This joins calendrics to political economy. Before the 19-year cycle fossilized Babylonian practice, Mesopotamian leap months were declared ad hoc, by royal or priestly decision, ostensibly to keep the lunar calendar aligned with the seasons. But an extra month is also an…

Joins statistical seismology to archival formation processes: an administrative archive, the claim runs, forms like an earthquake sequence. A main shock — a reform, a new institution, a royal accession — sets off a burst of documentation, and what follows obeys the…

Institutional isomorphism, from organizational sociology, says organizations under one coercive centre converge on the same forms and paperwork. This conjecture reads that convergence in cuneiform archaeology: the Ur III state was an aggressively centralizing regime that imposed standardized accounting across its cities,…

Sublinear scaling laws — the urban-economics finding that infrastructure grows more slowly than city size — meet museum acquisition history. This conjecture claims the dispersal of a cuneiform site's tablets across the world's collections scales sublinearly with the size of the find.…

The term structure of interest rates — the yield curve — normally slopes upward, because lenders demand compensation for longer exposure to risk. This conjecture says Old Assyrian merchant finance in the Kanesh trade refused that logic: interest in the Kultepe loan…