One Thousand and One Conjectures

Joins the chronology of Thomas Aquinas's writing career to the arrival curve of the new Greek-Latin Aristotle: early on, Aquinas met much of Aristotle through florilegia, commentary lemmata, and older versions, quoting at second hand; as William of Moerbeke's literal translations and…

Stemmatics — reconstructing the family tree of manuscripts from shared copying errors — is here fused with computational astronomy. A dated horoscope is a calculation: the astrologer looked up planetary positions in one specific physical copy of a set of astronomical tables…

Information theory meets Homer: the stock formulas of oral epic — the swift-footed heroes and wine-dark seas — are here interpreted as redundancy bits, the padding a noisy channel needs to protect its payload. In transmission over fallible human memory, the hard-to-recover…

Among the ostraka cast against Themistocles, a famous deposit of 190 sherds turned out to have been inscribed by just a few hands — prepared ballots, evidently readied for distribution to voters. The conjecture generalizes this find into a testable model of…

Herodotus reports distances for places he never saw, relayed to him through chains of informants stretching away from the Aegean. Each retelling plausibly multiplies an estimate by some random factor — a merchant rounds up, a guide exaggerates, a translator garbles —…

Obsidian is archaeology's ideal tracer: every piece can be chemically fingerprinted to its volcanic source, so its spread maps prehistoric exchange with unusual precision. Falloff with distance from source is conventionally summarized by a single distance-decay exponent — steep when goods move…

This joins the three great survivals of ancient gearing — the Antikythera mechanism of Hellenistic Greece, the Byzantine geared sundial-calendar, and the Islamic geared astrolabes — into a single line of craft descent. The tooth module, the characteristic size of a gear…

The astragalus — the ankle bone of a sheep or goat — was the everyday die of Greek and Roman gaming, and unlike a cube it is honest about its dishonesty: its four usable faces land with very different frequencies, broad faces…

A forecaster facing a high-stakes, high-uncertainty question hedges — wide intervals, conditional phrasing — because a confident miss is fatal to credibility; options markets price the same logic as implied volatility. The oracle at Delphi faced the identical institutional problem for a…

Joins capture-recapture ecology to Greek philology: ecologists estimate how many species they have never seen from the ratio of species observed exactly once to species observed exactly twice, and the same arithmetic applies to books. Each surviving witness to a Greek work…

Lanchester's attrition laws distinguish two regimes of combat: aimed fire, where any unit can concentrate on any enemy, yields the square law, in which numerical superiority compounds; frontage-limited melee, where only the front ranks engage, yields the linear law. This conjecture maps…

Joins the Byzantine book-epigram corpus to the sociology of two book markets: Gospels, lectionaries, and service books were produced in volume by professional scribes on commission, who closed a job with a ready-made verse tag, while manuscripts of ancient secular authors were…

Connects the survival statistics of Greek literature to the Byzantine school as a replication machine: a work either entered the curriculum-and-anthology circuit, recopied every generation in every provincial classroom, or it depended on sporadic scholarly interest. Two regimes of reproduction should leave…

Joins the Byzantine school selection of the tragic triads to the older stratum of anthology culture: teachers selected plays not by dramatic merit but by gnomic yield — the sentences a schoolboy could copy, memorize, and deploy — and that yield had…

Connects the work-level structure of Greek survival to how school canons actually chose: not authors but set texts. If the curriculum replicated flagship works while letting the same author's remaining output starve — Euripides select versus alphabetic, seven plays of Aeschylus out…

Byzantine pseudepigrapha should out-transmit the genuine works of the very fathers they impersonate, because forgery is demand-driven while authorship is occasion-driven. A pseudonymous homily was composed for an existing liturgical or catechetical market and was born into demand; a genuine work was…

precision in Byzantine patristic citation was armor evolved in forgery arms races, not a scholarly virtue diffusing gradually. Wherever a doctrinal fight turned on accusations of forged or truncated proof-texts — the Monothelete crisis of the 640s, the iconoclast controversy resolved at…

within a single church father's corpus, refutations of heresies that were extinct by about 800 should transmit far worse than the same author's non-polemical dogmatic and homiletic works. Copying was demand-driven, and a dead opponent generates no classroom, liturgical, or catena demand;…

conciliar florilegia were canonization machines for individual works, not authors. A patristic work excerpted in the acta of an ecumenical council acquired a permanent copying premium over its author's other works, because the acta circulated empire-wide as authoritative proof-text maps and later…

where the Greek-Arabic translation movement left doublets — a transliterated loan and a native-root calque for the same Greek term — later usage did not converge on a winner. The loan survived as a genre badge of falsafa while the calque won…

Byzantine book epigrams stratify by the industrial structure of the copying that carried them. Liturgical and biblical books were produced by professional scribes reproducing a whole book-object, paratexts included, so their epigrams are mass-replicated formulae; philosophical manuscripts were copied by and for…

in the Syriac schools, logic was not a discipline but a fixed propaedeutic block welded to theological training, so it was copied as a single curricular object for over a millennium. Porphyry's Eisagoge, the Categories, and De interpretatione should move together; the…

across the great translation movements, commentaries crossed the language frontier at far lower rates than base texts — except lemmatized commentaries that embed their base text, which crossed at near-base-text rates. Patrons commissioned usable, self-sufficient objects; a commentary without its base text…

In Byzantium the coin was the fastest image medium the court controlled: dies were recut within months, while mosaics, ivories, and books ran on multi-year project cycles. Innovations in imperial iconography — new crown forms, loros arrangements, newly court-adopted Christ and Virgin…

Chrysography and gold-leaf image grounds drew on the same budget line, the same material stock, and the same specialist hours, and they address different audiences — the reader and the beholder. The naive luxury model says richer books have more of both;…

Byzantine book epigrams praising gold letters, silver covers, and purple leaves are conventionally read as rhetorical topoi. But the verses were commissioned as part of the same donation package as the decoration, and a donor recording a gift before God has audit…

Donor portraiture is one genre under two theologies of presence. Latin donation imagery kept renegotiating scale as lay patronage broadened and purgatorial accounting personalized the stakes; the Byzantine proskynesis format was liturgically frozen. The handbook impression that donors get bigger is not…

Twelfth-century Greek-to-Latin translators are notorious for slavish word-by-word literalism, usually blamed on incompetence or philosophical caution. This conjecture reads literalism as a professional signature: the translators who calqued Greek word order (Burgundio of Pisa, James of Venice) were judges and notaries, men…

Byzantine men of letters left two great paper trails: orations, the public speeches that made reputations, and letters, the private notes that maintained friendships. This conjecture claims the two genres travelled through the manuscript tradition in opposite vehicles: orations moved as singles…

A curious class of early Christian and Byzantine texts survives only in Old Church Slavonic although composed in Greek — the Greek originals are gone. This conjecture claims that loss was genre-targeted: the Slavonic-only survivals are overwhelmingly apocalypses, visionary tours of heaven…

Some Greek texts were copied because churches were required to have them (liturgy prescribed by the typikon), others because readers admired them (homilies, theology, classics). These are different economies: prescribed books face a demand set by the number of altars — every…

Byzantine scribes framed their books with verse epigrams, most in the strict twelve-syllable line whose prosody every schooled scribe once commanded. The conjecture: when the same epigram type is recopied across centuries, its metrical faults accumulate at a measurable rate, because later…

Greek Christian literature flowed massively into Syriac between the 5th and 7th centuries. The claim: translation was a bestseller export — translators picked works already popular in Greek, so Greek works with Syriac versions carry far more surviving Greek witnesses than untranslated…

In the 5th century, immediately after inventing their alphabet, Armenians translated a burst of Greek Christian works — the celebrated 'Golden Age' translations. The claim: the selection was not a deliberated canon but a physical library — the translated works co-occur inside…

Greek literature was translated into Arabic by two separate machines: the Melkite monasteries of Palestine and Sinai from the 8th century (saints' lives, homilies, ascetics) and the Baghdad translation movement of the 9th-10th centuries (philosophy, medicine, science). The claim: the two programs…

St. Catherine's on Sinai holds one of the world's great Greek manuscript collections, conventionally read as a Byzantine liturgical outpost. The claim: its Greek collection is functionally the engine room of the monastery's Arabic, Georgian, and Syriac translation work — the Greek…

Between roughly 650 and 800 — Byzantium's so-called dark age — the flow of new Greek books nearly stops, yet lead seals, the little stamped discs that closed official letters, keep pouring out by the thousand. Join the two dated series and…

How many copies of a Byzantine author survive is usually explained by genre, sanctity, or school use. This conjecture says his administrative career explains it better: authors who held sealed offices of state or church survive in systematically more manuscript witnesses than…

Officials chose which saint's image to stamp on their lead seals, and monasteries chose which saints' Lives to copy. This conjecture connects the two markets with a lag: the frequency of a saint on dated seals in one century predicts the number…

The Basilika, Byzantium's monumental Greek recension of Roman law, is usually treated as a Constantinopolitan monument. This conjecture says its manuscript geography is really a map of judicial staffing: provenance-localizable witnesses of the Basilika family distribute across provinces in proportion to attested…

Byzantium wrote military manuals — the taktika and strategika — for a thematic citizen army run by generals called strategoi. This conjecture says the manual died with the payroll: new witnesses of military manuals track the administrative life of the thematic armies,…

Schedography — the grammar-exercise literature of Byzantine schoolrooms — floods the twelfth-century manuscript record, and nobody loves it enough for that to be about taste. This conjecture says the flood is the paper trail of a newly credentialed teaching market, visible simultaneously…

A few Byzantine seals quote or echo classical poetry — a flourish of literacy pressed into lead. This conjecture says those quotations are not eclectic: they sample the school curriculum, and in the same rank order that the manuscript market ranks school…

Byzantine letter collections are catalogued under their authors, and we assume they survive by authorial fame. This conjecture inverts that: a collection's witness count scales with the aggregate prominence of its addressees, not with the author's own office or reputation. Copies survived…

In 1204 the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople and scattered its libraries. This conjecture says the disaster was selective in a way we can measure: manuscripts carrying dedicatory epigrams naming Constantinopolitan court figures show a deeper survival-curve break at 1204 than equally luxurious…

Byzantium lost southern Italy to the Normans in the eleventh century, and by intuition, political loss should mean textual loss. This conjecture says the opposite happened: Greek manuscripts produced in Italo-Greek scriptoria survive at higher rates than their Constantinopolitan contemporaries, because Norman…

Western watermarked paper eventually replaced parchment in Greek books, and we picture the change as a slow tide spreading east. This conjecture says it moved in legal jumps: the date a Byzantine city's scribes adopt Italian paper follows the date of that…

Greek astronomy — Ptolemy and his commentators — survives in copies made at very uneven intervals. This conjecture says the sky set the schedule: new witnesses of the astronomical corpus cluster in the decade after spectacular, chronicle-attested celestial events, because a comet…

The Palaiologan revival of classical learning is usually painted as a diffuse renaissance. This conjecture says it was a series of personal spikes: bursts of new witnesses of a given classical author align with the documented teaching career of an individual professor,…

In the ninth century every Greek text had to pass a needle's eye: recopying from old majuscule script into the new minuscule, or eventual oblivion. This conjecture says the liturgical calendar, not literary fame, decided who passed: church authors with a commemoration…